THE MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSAL ACADEMY OF CULTURES André FROSSARD FRANCE 1915-1995. Journalist and writer. Author of the column "Cavalier Seul " in Le Figaro from 1963 to 1995. He published numerous essays and accounts, notably God exists, I've met Him (1968). Member of the Académie Française. Antoine GARAPON FRANCE Jurist, born in 1952. Former judge for children. Secretary General of the Institut des Hautes Etudes sur la Justice. GAO Xingjian FRANCE Novelist, dramatist, director, painter, born in 1940 in China. Nobel Prize winner for literature (2000). Henry Louis GATES, Jr UNITED-STATES Born in 1950. W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of the Humanities and Chair of the Departement of Afro-American Studies at Harvard University. Publications include : Figures in Black (1987), Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man (1997). Bronislaw GEREMEK POLAND Historian and politician, born in 1932 ; a specialist in European medieval history. Member of the Diet since 1989. Former Foreign Secretary. Franz-Olivier GIESBERT FRANCE Journalist and writer, born in 1949. Director of Le Point. Nadine GORDIMER SOUTH AFRICA Writer, born in 1923. Author of numerous works : short stories, essays, literary criticism and novels. Nobel prize winner for literature (1991). François GROS FRANCE Biologist, born in 1925. Former director of the Pasteur Institute, Professor at the Collège de France. Marianne GRUNBERG-MANAGO FRANCE Biochemist, born in 1921. Director of biochemical research at the CNRS. Former President of the Academy of Science. Vice-president of the French Commission at UNESCO. Françoise HERITIER FRANCE Anthropologist, born in 1933. Emeritus Professor at the Collège de France, Director of the Laboratory for social anthropology at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Ismail KADARE ALBANIA Novelist and poet, born in 1936. His works, including Le Palais des rêves and, recently, La Pyramide, have been translated into some fifteen languages. Associate member of the Academie des sciences morales et politiques. Sudhir KAKAR INDIA Psychoanalyst and novelist, born in 1938. His many books have been translated into over seventeen languages. Winner of several international awards such as the Goethe Medal and the Kardiner Award. Jaan KAPLINSKI ESTONIA Poet and essayist, born in 1941. Former Member of the Estonian Parliament. Junzo KAWADA JAPAN Anthropologist, specialist of Africa, born in 1934. Professor at the University of Hiroshima. Yashar KEMAL TURKEY Writer and journalist, born in 1923. Author of novels, short-stories, plays and essays. Winner of the Prix Mondial Cino del Duca (1982) and of the Prix Méditerranée for la Voix du sang (1996). Lady Helena KENNEDY GREAT BRITAIN Lawyer. Born in 1950. Chancellor of Oxford Brookes University, lifetime member of the House of Lords. Involved in numerous legal battles to promote the rights of the defense and women's rights. Former President of the British Council. Leszek KOLAKOWSKI POLAND Philosopher, born in 1927. Professor at the University of Chicago and at All Souls College, Oxford. Winner of the Erasmus Prize (1983), Jefferson Prize (1986), Tocqueville Prize (1994). Bernard KOUCHNER FRANCE Physician, politician. Born in 1939. Co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières ("French Doctors"), Founder and President of Médecins du Monde. Former civil administrator and official representative of the United Nations Organisation in Kosovo. Former French Health Secretary. Julia KRISTEVA FRANCE Psychoanalyst and author, born in 1941 in Bulgaria. Professor at the Paris 7 - Denis Diderot University and at the Institut Universitaire de France. Her recent publications include Le génie féminin (3 tomes). Joshua LEDERBERG UNITED STATES Genetic biologist, born in 1925. Nobel prize winner for Medicine (1958). Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Jacques LE GOFF FRANCE Historian, born in 1924. Specialist in western medieval civilisation. Co-director of the Revue des Annales, Economies, Societés, Civilisations. Former President of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. President of the Comité scientifique de la recherche universitaire. Winner of the French Academy's Gobert Prize in 1996 for his collected works (notably his Saint Louis). Wassily LEONTIEF UNITED STATES 1906-1999. Economist. Former Professor and research director at Harvard and New York University. Former adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Nobel Prize winner for economics (1973). Wolf LEPENIES GERMANY Sociologist, born in 1941. Director of the Berlin Wissenschaftskolleg. In 1991, in recognition of his research on the sociology of cultures he was appointed to the European chair at the Collège de France.