THE MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSAL ACADEMY OF CULTURES Rita LEVI-MONTALCINI ITALY Physician and biologist, born in 1909. Nobel prize winner for medicine (1986). Bernard-Henri LÉVY FRANCE Writer, philosopher, born in 1948. Author of Le diable en tête (Prix Médicis, 1984), Le siècle de Sartre (2000), Réflexions sur la guerre, le mal et la fin de l’histoire (2001) and Qui a tué Daniel Pearl ? (2003). Zülfü LIVANELI TURKEY Writer, composer, Member of the Parliament, born in 1946. Goodwill Ambassador of UNESCO since 1996. His novel The Eunuch of Constantinople received the Best-novel-of-the-year-award from the Balkan Literary Award Foundation.   Yuriy LOTMAN RUSSIA Specialist in semiotics and structuralism. Professor of Russian literature and Director of the School of Semiotics at the University of Tartu in Estonia. Amin MAALOUF LEBANON Writer and journalist, born in 1949. Former director of the weekly review An-Nahar International, former editor of Jeune Afrique. His novel Léon l'Africain has been translated into sixteen languages. He was awarded the Grand Prix UNICEF in 1991 and the Goncourt Prize in 1993. Harris MEMEL-FOTE IVORY COAST Anthropologist, born in 1930. Professor at the University of Abidjan. Former Director of the Institut d'ethno-sociologie. His research work concerns slavery in the Ivory Coast. He delivered the 1991 Marc Bloch annual lecture at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Yehudi MENUHIN UNITED KINGDOM 1916-1999. Violonist. President of the Royal Philarmonic Orchestra and of the Warsaw Sinphonia. Director of the Asian Youth Orchestra. Member of numerous Academies. Holder of the Nehru Award for Peace. Member of the House of Lords. André MIQUEL FRANCE Specialist in Arabic language and literature, born in 1929. Former administrator of the French National Library. Former director of the Collège de France. Toni MORRISON UNITED STATES Novelist, born in 1931. Her works have been translated throughout the world. Nobel prize winner for literature (1993). Iris MURDOCH UNITED KINGDOM 1919-1999; Writer and Philosopher. Author of numerous novels, plays, short stories and studies on Sartre and moral philosophy. The winner of many prizes in literature. Yûjirô NAKAMURA JAPAN Philosopher and historian, born in 1925. Professor at the University of Meiji, President of the Franco-Japanese Société de philosophie. K. R. NARAYANAN INDIA 1921-2005. A former journalist he then became a diplomat in 1949. Ambassador to Turkey, China then the United States. Former Vice-Chancellor of Nehru University. Former President of India Cynthia OZICK UNITED STATES Author, dramatist, poet and literary critic, born in 1928. Winner of several American literary prizes. Octavio PAZ MEXICO 1914-1998, Writer, professor and diplomat. He was awarded the T.S. Eliot Prize, the Tocqueville Prize and the Nobel Prize for literature (1990). Javier PEREZ DE CUELLAR PERU Diplomat, born in 1920. Former United Nations Secretary General. President of the World Commission for Culture and Development. Michelle PERROT FRANCE Historian, born in 1928. A specialist in social history. Emeritus professor at the University of Paris7-Denis Diderot. Co-director with Georges Duby of a 5 volume History of Women. Jens REICH GERMANY Academic and politician. A biologist, he was dismissed from his University for his opposition to the East-German regime. One of the most notable figures in the democratic movement that led to the fall of the Berlin Wall.